Gal zabijający żonę – czyli pochwała honorowej, samobójczej śmierci

Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, Palazzo Altemps

Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, Palazzo Altemps

Błąkając się po rzymskich muzeach, natkniemy się na grupę rzeźbiarską, która musi odcisnąć niezapomniane wrażenie na każdym, kto ją zobaczy. Pozbawione życia kobiece ciało opada bezwładnie na ziemię i zaraz wysunie się z uchwytu trzymającego je mężczyzny. Ten zatapia ostrze miecza we własnym gardle i również jego muskularne, pełne witalności ciało niebawem się osunie. Ale jeszcze odwraca swój wzrok, jakby stamtąd, gdzieś z tyłu, oczekiwał nadchodzącego wroga, przed którym „ratuje się” w ten desperacki sposób.

Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, Palazzo Altemps
Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, fragment, Palazzo Altemps
Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, Palazzo Altemps
Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, Palazzo Altemps
Gal zabijający żonę, Museo Nazionale, fragment, Palazzo Altemps

Błąkając się po rzymskich muzeach, natkniemy się na grupę rzeźbiarską, która musi odcisnąć niezapomniane wrażenie na każdym, kto ją zobaczy. Pozbawione życia kobiece ciało opada bezwładnie na ziemię i zaraz wysunie się z uchwytu trzymającego je mężczyzny. Ten zatapia ostrze miecza we własnym gardle i również jego muskularne, pełne witalności ciało niebawem się osunie. Ale jeszcze odwraca swój wzrok, jakby stamtąd, gdzieś z tyłu, oczekiwał nadchodzącego wroga, przed którym „ratuje się” w ten desperacki sposób.

      Gal zabijający żonę, Palazzo Altemps

Tak można w skrócie opisać rzeźbę ukazującą dwie postaci i stanowiącą część pomnika, który ongiś zdobił ołtarz ufundowany przez króla Attalosa I z Pergamonu po zwycięskiej bitwie (230 r. p.n.e.) przeciw osiadłemu w Azji Mniejszej ludowi Galów (Galatów). Wykonany w brązie monument składał się z wielu rzeźb. Dzięki dwóm rzymskim kopiom, najprawdopodobniej powstałym w I wieku n.e., możemy tylko w przybliżeniu zapoznać się z tym pomnikiem pamięci, który w paradoksalny sposób gloryfikuje zwycięzców, ukazując odwagę i męstwo ich wrogów. Ale czy nie mamy wrażenia, że był to bardziej pomnik chwały dla pokonanego wroga? Jedna ze wspomnianych kopii to właśnie ta – znakomity przykład dzieła hellenistycznego rzeźbiarza, przedstawiającego wodza Galów, który w obliczu niechybnej niewoli najpierw zabija swoją żonę, a następnie popełnia samobójstwo. Opisywana tu grupa musiała znajdować się w centralnej części monumentu, a wokół niej rozlokowane były leżące postacie pokonanych Galów, w tym Umierający Gal. Niestety, nie jesteśmy w stanie zrekonstruować pomnika i zidentyfikować inne, tworzące go niegdyś posągi, oprócz tych dwóch znajdujących się w Rzymie.

Cechą charakterystyczną tej rzeźby jest to, że możemy ją oglądać z różnych stron, obchodząc wkoło, i że z każdej strony prezentuje się ona w innej dramatycznej odsłonie. Widzimy naprężone muskuły Gala i jego nagie, atletyczne ciało, to znowu odczuwamy wręcz jego trwogę, gdy odwraca głowę, jakby się bał, że nie zdąży i zostanie schwytany. Równie przejmujący jest akt opadania na ziemię ciała kobiety – czujemy wręcz, jak opuszcza ją życie i jak wiotczeją jej mięśnie. Zaraz zostanie upuszczona przez męża i opadnie pod własnym ciężarem. Autor tego przejmującego dzieła stworzył kreację wręcz konceptualną – zawiesił akcję między odgłosami nadchodzących zwycięzców, momentem życia symbolizowanym przez muskularne, wyprostowane ciało Gala a chwilą, którą możemy sobie wyobrazić, gdy ciało wojownika osunie się na ziemię i pozbawione życia spocznie obok martwego już ciała żony. Sam moment umierania został tu uchwycony precyzyjnie w dwóch fazach – jeszcze pełne życia ciało mężczyzny odnajduje niejako swą „kontynuację” w ciele, które jest już życia pozbawione i bezwładne. Dzięki takiej kreacji w jakiś dziwny sposób rozumiemy i akceptujemy ten zabójczy przecież czyn. Mało tego, uważamy, iż takie postępowanie jest honorowe i nie przynosi ujmy – lepiej bowiem umrzeć z własnej ręki, zabijając przy tym własną rodzinę, niż dać się złapać, zniewolić i upokorzyć. No cóż, etos samobójczej śmierci w obliczu zniewolenia jest jednym z najstarszych i do dziś najbardziej akceptowanych. Być może dlatego śmierć tego okrutnego przecież najemnika, grabiącego, niszczącego i wymuszającego haracze, gdyż tacy byli ówcześni Galowie w Azji Mniejszej, i mord dokonany na kobiecie, która mu towarzyszy, wzbudzają nasze współczucie. A może powinny wzbudzać zgoła inne emocje…? A jak odebralibyśmy tę scenę, gdyby ukazany został akt zabójstwa kobiety przez męża, poprzedzający śmierć jego samego? Już starożytni wiedzieli, że nie byłby on tak godny pochwały i nobilitujący. Wroga pragnęli ukazać w sposób jak najbardziej szlachetny i jak się wydaje, w pełni im się to w tym przypadku udało. 

        Gal zabijający żonę, fragment, Palazzo Altemps

Możemy zapytać, w jaki sposób te pergamońskie rzeźby znalazły się w Rzymie. Nie mamy tu jednoznacznej odpowiedzi. Według niektórych badaczy najprawdopodobniej zawdzięczamy to cesarzowi Neronowi, który zgodnie ze świadectwem kronikarza Pliniusza nakazał zwożenie dla ozdoby Rzymu cennych greckich rzeźb z całego imperium. I to prawdopodobnie wtedy spiżowe grupy rzeźbiarskie z Pergamonu przybyły nad Tyber. Przetopione w późniejszych czasach, podobnie jak liczne inne rzeźby, zachowały się dzięki kopiom wykonanym z marmuru. I tak barbarzyński akt cesarza Nerona uratował je de facto od całkowitej zagłady. Ale czy tak było naprawdę?

Rzeźba została odnaleziona na początku XVII wieku w trakcie prac prowadzonych na terenie posiadłości kardynała Ludovica Ludovisiego (willa Ludovisi), który w czasach antycznych należał do ogrodów Salustiusza. Stała się, podobnie jak Umierający Gal, ozdobą sławnej kolekcji Ludovisi, aby następnie znaleźć się w zbiorach muzeum Palazzo Altemps.

 

Gal zabijający żonę, rzymska kopia (?) hellenistycznej rzeźby z III w. p.n.e., marmur, Museo Nazionale, Palazzo Altemps

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        • 0. 1
        • 1. 19
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '19' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 19
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '20' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 20
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '20' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 20
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '21' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 21
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '21' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '22' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 22
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '22' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 22
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '23' and `lang` = 'pl'580μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 23
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '23' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '24' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 24
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '24' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 24
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '25' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 25
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '25' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 25
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'420μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '26' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')460μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')280μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '27' and `lang` = 'pl'550μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 27
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '27' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 27
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')280μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '28' and `lang` = 'pl'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 28
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '28' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 28
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '29' and `lang` = 'pl'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 29
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_categories` where (`parent_id` = '29' and `status` = 'ACTIVE')410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 29
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `settings`290μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '325' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 325
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '325' and `lang` = 'pl'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 325
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '325' and `lang` = 'pl'550μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 325
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '325' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 325
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '325'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 325
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '325' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 325
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '325'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 325
      • select * from `articles_categories` where `articles_categories`.`id` = '26' limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 26
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select * from `attributes` where `key` in ('name') and (`table` = 'articles_categories')340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. name
        • 1. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '26' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 26
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_photos` where `article_id` = '325'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 325
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')280μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5139' and `lang` = 'pl'320μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5139
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5141' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5141
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5142' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5142
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5143' and `lang` = 'pl'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5143
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_photos')470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_photos
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '5' and `entity_id` = '5144' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 5
        • 1. 5144
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles_join` where `article_id` = '325'370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 325
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '152' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 152
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '152' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 152
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '152' and `lang` = 'pl'680μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 152
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '152' and `lang` = 'pl'330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 152
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '152'340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 152
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '152' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 152
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '152'360μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 152
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '12' and `lang` = 'pl'310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 12
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '245' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 245
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')310μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '245' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 245
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '245' and `lang` = 'pl'520μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 245
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '245' and `lang` = 'pl'540μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 245
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '245'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 245
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '245' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1300μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 245
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '245'410μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 245
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '9' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 9
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '262' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 262
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '262' and `lang` = 'pl'350μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 262
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '262' and `lang` = 'pl'470μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 262
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '262' and `lang` = 'pl'440μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 262
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '262'380μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 262
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `articles`.`id` = '262' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1340μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 262
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      • select `articles_categories`.*, `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` as `pivot_article_id`, `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `articles_categories` inner join `articles_categories_join` on `articles_categories`.`id` = `articles_categories_join`.`category_id` where `articles_categories_join`.`article_id` = '262'530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 262
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles_categories')330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles_categories
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '1' and `entity_id` = '14' and `lang` = 'pl'400μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1
        • 1. 14
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `articles` where `id` = '305' and `status` = 'ACTIVE' and `articles`.`deleted_at` is null330μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 305
        • 1. ACTIVE
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes` where (`table` = 'articles')370μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_varchar` where `attribute_id` = '2' and `entity_id` = '305' and `lang` = 'pl'390μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2
        • 1. 305
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '3' and `entity_id` = '305' and `lang` = 'pl'530μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 3
        • 1. 305
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `attributes_text` where `attribute_id` = '6' and `entity_id` = '305' and `lang` = 'pl'450μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 6
        • 1. 305
        • 2. pl
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • select * from `urls` where `table` = 'articles' and `entity_id` = '305'550μsbaza5943_roma
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. articles
        • 1. 305
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Metadata
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Hints
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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